Within 10 seconds of your first puff, the toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke reach your brain, heart and other organs. Smoking harms almost every part of your body and increases your risk of many diseases. Smoking also affects how you look and feel, your finances and the people close to you.

Cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor for several chronic disease states, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and pulmonary diseases. The association between cigarette smoking and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has also been evaluated in observational settings, with most studies showing a positive relationship between smoking and CKD.

he cumulative cigarette exposure was lower in smokers who quit, as compared to those who continued smoking, which was measured by the Brinkman Index (cigarettes per day × number of years smoked). There was no difference in systolic and diastolic BP between each group at baseline or year 5, and all groups observed the intended reduction in BP.



The primary outcome was the change in eGFR over time, estimated by cystatin-based CKD-EPI equation. Secondary outcomes included the change in albumin excretion as a marker of kidney damage and urine isoprostane 8-isoprostaglandin F2α (U8-iso) and urine angiotensinogen (UATG) as markers of oxidative stress and angiotensin II kidney activity, respectively. All 3 groups demonstrated a significant decline in eGFR over time.